Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The endonymic term neili, and its Anglicized variants (Nesite, Nessite, Neshite), have never caught on. Our translator translates English alphabets into Babylonian Cuneiform letters. Hittite cuneiform is the implementation of cuneiform script used in writing the Hittite language. Institutions, centers for study and research, Collections of texts and digital libraries, Oriental Institute. Hittite Online Hittite: English Meaning Index. O 127 foll. F When you copy and paste unless you have the font installed locally on your system, it won't look the same. The latter was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before they were absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. Early Hittite texts have a vocative case for a few nouns with -u, but it ceased to be productive by the time of the earliest discovered sources and was subsumed by the nominative in most documents. Participating in the joint project are . Hittite names, Hittite words, Cuneiform signs, Hittite Cuneiform list, Search cuneiform signs Hittite was written with a cuneiform script adapted from a version of Akkadian cuneiform from northern Syria and was deciphered during the early 20th century mainly by Bedich Hrozn, with contributions by Jrgen Alexander Knudtzon, and Hugo Winckler, who discovered many tablets written in Hittite at the village of Boazky in Turkey. More specifically, it's one of the five stages necessary to get a text from "clay tablet with squiggles" to "relatable anecdote anyone can read". Finally available, a high quality book of the original classic edition of The Hittites - The story of a Forgotten Empire. It is significant because it contains information on Sumerian history as well as the history of the social world in general. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. Often the text alone is not enough. Naturally, many of the tablets were in both cuneiform and Hittite languages. Contact, Citatio: S. Koak G.G.W. Written records of Hittite date from between the 16th and 13th centuries BC, and it is the earliest Indo-European to appear in writing. A Grammar of the Hittite Language. The Assyrian and Babylonian empires fell in the 7th and 6th centuries bc. I Welcome to the Hittite Grammar site. Goetze, Albrecht & Edgar H. Sturtevant (1938). [3] After the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom during the more general Late Bronze Age collapse, Luwian emerged in the Early Iron Age as the main language of the so-called Syro-Hittite states, in southwestern Anatolia and northern Syria. Tablets made durable and permanent by baking them after writing with some tools. There is a trend towards distinguishing fewer cases in the plural than in the singular and a trend towards distinguishing the plural in fewer cases. Source: http://historicconnections.webs.com/biblicalarchaeology.htm Hittite was written in an adapted form of Peripheral Akkadian cuneiform orthography from Northern Syria. Therefore, if you find a cuneiform tablet, it may or may not be in Sumerian. Similarly, the purpose of inserting an additional vowel between syllabograms (often referred to as "plene writing" of vowels) is not clear. ii, pp. In Glosbe you can check not only English or Hittite translations. [5], Although the Hittite New Kingdom had people from many diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, the Hittite language was used in most secular written texts. Looking for Cuneiform fonts? [11] They included the r/n alternation in some noun stems (the heteroclitics) and vocalic ablaut, which are both seen in the alternation in the word for water between the nominative singular, wadar, and the genitive singular, wedenas. ", "Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)", The Electronic Edition of the Chicago Hittite Dictionary, Hittite basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database, glottothque - Ancient Indo-European Grammars online, Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hittite_language&oldid=1141857982, Languages attested from the 16th century BC, Language articles with unreferenced extinction date, Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text, Articles containing Hittite-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. . We can work with any budget to get you a guaranteed translation quickly and accurately! Alwin Kloekhorst also argues that the absence of assimilatory voicing is also evidence for a length distinction. Translation Services USA offers professional translation services for English to Hittite and Hittite to English language pairs. The first phase of the project, which was initiated to read, scan and digitize the Hittite cuneiform tablets in the inventory of the Ankara Anatolian Civilizations Museum, the Istanbul . Hittite glossary: words of known or conjectured meaning, with Sumerian ideograms and Accadian words common in Hittite texts. In some cases, it may indicate an inherited long vowel (lman, cognate to Latin nmen; widr, cognate to Greek hudr), but it may also have other functions connected with 'word accentuation'. You can use the image for sharing which will look the same regardless. . For the Old Hittite Kingdom, see. Mller S. Grke Ch. Theref. Last entry: 16.00(Fridays: 19.30). The script formerly known as "Hieroglyphic Hittite" is now termed Hieroglyphic Luwian. Curator Gareth Brereton gives a run down of Assyrian life, from luxury palaces and lion hunting to libraries and letters. Hittite is the modern scholarly name for the language, based on the identification of the Hatti (atti) kingdom with the Biblical Hittites (Biblical Hebrew: * ittim), although that name appears to have been applied incorrectly:[4] The term Hattian refers to the indigenous people who preceded the Hittites, speaking a non-Indo-European Hattic language. Originating in what is now Iraq before 3,200 BC, cuneiform script is, as far as we know, the oldest form of writing in the world. We also offer services for Hittite interpretation, voice-overs, transcriptions, and multilingual search engine optimization. Cuneiform is used around 3200 BC to 100 AD. The Hittite texts are provided as exercises to put into practice your knowledge of Hittite gained by reading the grammar. In context translations English - Cuneiform Luwian, translated sentences Sturtevant, Edgar H. A., & George Bechtel (1935). In multilingual texts found in Hittite locations, passages written in Hittite are preceded by the adverb nesili (or nasili, nisili), "in the [speech] of Nea (Kane)", an important city during the early stages of the Hittite Old Kingdom. The characteristic wedge-shaped strokes that make up the signs give the writing its modern name cuneiform means 'wedge-shaped' (from the Latin cuneus for 'wedge'). [10] Based on a study of this extensive material, Bedich Hrozn succeeded in analyzing the language. E E.dub.ba is a free online course for learning Hittite Cuneiform. [citation needed]. Thus, the sign GI can be used (and transcribed) in three ways, as the Hittite syllable gi (also ge); in the Akkadian spelling Q-RU-UB of the preposition "near" as Q, and as the Sumerian ideogram GI for "tube" also in superscript, GI, when used as a determiner. Goetze, Albrecht (1954). To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on this page, Translation Services USA is the registered trademark of Translation Services USA LLC, sales1-at-translation-services-usa-dot-com. I. Oracle reports. Hittite cuneiform tablet made of baked clay on display at the Oriental Institute. The language was used from approximately 1600 BC to 1100 BC. Hittite, The remaining job consists in reviewing the present text and improving some unclear passages. Ashurbanipal's Library is one of the most important archaeological discoveries ever made. 1400-700 BC). Save it as "document template" with the extension .dotx. In 1915, Friedrich Hrozny, a Czech linguist, caused a . Mller, with the collaboration of S. Grke and Ch. [16][17], In a 2019 work, Hittitologist Alwin Kloekhorst recognizes two dialectal variants of Hittite: one he calls "Kaniite Hittite", and a second he named "attua Hittite" (or Hittite proper). The Hittites used cuneiform signs to write on wet clay tablets and baked them to be permanent and. Hittite Training Instructions for Chariot Horses in the Second Half of the 2nd Millennium B.C. Because of the typological implications of Sturtevant's law, the distinction between the two series is commonly regarded as one of voice. Accordingly, scholars have surmised that Hittite possessed the following phonemes: Hittite had two series of consonants, one which was written always geminate in the original script, and another that was always simple. Official languagein: 67 countries 27 non-sovereign entities Various organisations United Nations European Union Commonwealth of Nations Council of Europe ICC IMF IOC ISO NATO WTO NAFTA OAS OECD OIC OPEC GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development PIF UKUSA Agreement ASEAN ASEAN Economic Community SAARC CARICOM Turkic Council ECO. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_language, Hittite dictionary and Their Interdisciplinary Context . Some linguists, most notably Edgar H. Sturtevant and Warren Cowgill, have argued that Hittite should be classified as a sister language to Proto-Indo-European, rather than as a daughter language. CTH 442 Ritual for the Pleiades (DIMIN.IMIN.BI), CTH 443 Two rituals for the pacification of the Sun-god and the Storm-god referring to Ziplantawiya, Tutaliya and Nikkal, CTH 446 Purification of a House and incantion for the netherworld deities, CTH 448 Rituals for the Sun-goddess of the earth, CTH 449 Fragments referring to the netherworld deities, CTH 450 Funerary rituals (alli watai), CTH 451 Two funerary rituals with interment of the bones, CTH 452 Fragments of substitution rituals, CTH 453 Fragments of rituals against witchcraft, CTH 456 Fragments of purification rituals, CTH 457 Fragments of incantations and myths, CTH 463 Ritual of Ambazzi against bad omens, CTH 471 Ritual of Ammiatna of Kizzuwatna against impurity, CTH 472 Ritual of Ammiatna, Tulpi and Mati against impurity, CTH 473 Fragments of Ammihatna, Tulpi and Mati, CTH 475 Ritual of Palliya, king of Kizzuwatna, CTH 481 Expansion of the cult of the goddess of the night, CTH 482 Reform of the cult of the goddess of the night of amua by Murili II, CTH 484 Evocation ritual for DINGIR.MA and Gule, CTH 485 Evocation rituals for Teup, ebat and arruma, CTH 492 Ritual When a man settles in an uninhabited place, CTH 494 Ritual of the queen and her sons for the goddess NIN.GAL, CTH 500 Fragments of Kizzuwatnaean festival and magical rituals, CTH 501 unassigned (formerly Inventory of Tarammeka, Kunkuniya, Wiyanawanta; see CTH 526530), CTH 502 unassigned (formerly Inventory of Tiliura and other locations; see CTH 526530), CTH 503 unassigned (formerly Inventory of the seal house (.NAKIIB); see CTH 526530), CTH 505 unassigned (formerly Cult inventory of the gods of Wiyanawanta, Mammananta, etc.; see CTH 526530), CTH 506 unassigned (formerly Cult inventory of the gods of Takkupa, awarkina etc.; see CTH 526530), CTH 507 unassigned (formerly Cult inventory of Mt. Konkordanz der hethitischen Keilschrifttafeln, Katalog zentralanatolischer Siedlungen (KatzaS), Das Corpus der hethitischen Festrituale (HFR) (beta-Version), Akteure und Machtstrukturen in der hethitischen Gesellschaft, Computer-untersttzte Keilschriftanalyse (CuKa), Hymnen und Gebete in hethitischer Sprache, Informationsinfrastruktur fr digitale Publikation und netzbasierte Forschungskooperation, Keilschrifttafeln aus Boazky - Die Photosammlung des Vorderasiatischen Museums, Systematische Bibliographie der Hethitologie, Rekonstruktion der Archive des Groen Tempels von attusa, hpm://m :: Hethitologie Portal Mainz - Materialien, Hrozns "Lsung des hethitischen Problems". To read and translate the cuneiform signs, using computer-aided techniques would be a . However, there is no agreement over the subject among scholars since some view the series as if they were differenced by length, which a literal interpretation of the cuneiform orthography would suggest. 500 Hittite cuneiform tablets were translated at the start of the project by photographing them in high resolution and scanning them with 3D technology. The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). As one of the oldest attested Indo-European languages, Hittite is interesting largely because it lacks many of the complications exhibited by other "old" Indo-European languages such as Lithuanian, Sanskrit, and Greek. Cuneiform signs can be employed in three functions: syllabograms, Akkadograms or Sumerograms. Q But it wasn't an easy road to get to today, where we have over 50 English Bible translations . Hittite cuneiform is an adaptation of the Old Assyrian cuneiform of c. 1800 B.C.E. 2, pp. Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform. King 1920a / Hittite texts in the cuneiform character from tablets in the British Museum (8) Beckman 1999 / Hittite Diplomatic Texts (pp. Hittite is the oldest recorded Indo-European language, but it had remained completely unknown during the period in which Indo-European linguistics developed because its records are on clay tablets that were excavated only at the end of the 19th century. Cuneiform is one of the earliest writing systems that humans ever developed; it may even be the first one ever. . The predominantly syllabic nature of the script makes it difficult to ascertain the precise phonetic qualities of some of the Hittite sound inventory. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. Transliterating cuneiform means writing the signs in our alphabet. In the modern world, paper (and various electronic devices) is the medium on which writing is made. It was first used in Sumer in the late 4th millennium BC (the 'Uruk IV' period). settling the affair of the former wife of Ammitamru II of Ugarit, CTH 121 Inscription of uppiluliuma II about the conquest of Alaiya, CTH 122 Treaty of uppiluliuma II with Talmi-Teup of Karkami, CTH 123 Treaty of Tutaliya IV with an unknown party, CTH 124 Loyalty oath of a scribe (Tagi-arruma? Later Anatolian languages such as Lydian and Lycian are attested in former Hittite territory. The project, named "3D Scanning of Cuneiform Tablets in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations and Reading Boazky Tablets with AI," is also supported by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ankara University, and the Cultural Heritage . Librarian. Rose (2006) lists 132 hi verbs and interprets the hi/mi oppositions as vestiges of a system of grammatical voice ("centripetal voice" vs. "centrifugal voice"). Y The Hurrians of northern Mesopotamia adopted Akkadian cuneiform about 2000 bc and passed it to the Hittites, who had invaded Asia Minor about that time. CTH 137 Treaty of Arnuwanda I with the Kaka , CTH 138 Treaty of Arnuwanda I with the Kaka, CTH 139 Treaty of Arnuwanda I with the Kaka, CTH 140 Fragments of treaties of Arnuwanda I with the Kaka, CTH 141 Treaty of uppiluliuma II with Alaiya, CTH 144 Agreement of Arnuwanda I with the people of Ura, CTH 145 Oath text from the time of uppiluliuma II, CTH 148 Historical report of Arnuwanda I, CTH 151 Letter from Amenophis III to Tarundaradu of Arzawa, CTH 152 Letter from Arzawa to Amenophis III, CTH 153 Letter from uppiluliuma I to ureya (sc. The font is free and can be saved on any computer (Fontpackage SemiramisUnicode [SemUni38x]). The Hittite language is the dead language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who once created an empire centered on ancient Hattusa (today Boazky) in north-central Turkey. The Hittites had lived in Anatolia more than 4000 years ago. The Hittites did though leave one great treasure that would reveal their story. It is a highly cost-effective investment and an easy way to expand your business! Now, the Hittites' texts, which were written in cuneiform, are being made fully accessible online. Cuneiform writing was originally developed to write ancient Sumerian, but it was. Lexique hittite: Hittite-French dictionary, by Olivier Lauffenburger. Letters enclosed in clay envelopes, as well as works of literature, such as the Epic of Gilgamesh have been found. CTH 656 Various festivals: songs in Hattian, Hurrian, Hittite etc. Ziwana; see CTH 526530), CTH 509 unassigned (formerly Cult inventories of Storm-gods; see CTH 526530), CTH 510 unassigned (formerly Cult inventories of local festivals; see CTH 526530), CTH 511 unassigned (formerly List of Stelae (NAZI.KIN); see CTH 526530), CTH 512 unassigned (formerly Furnishings of the Sun-goddess of Arinna; see CTH 526530), CTH 513 unassigned (formerly nventory of metal objects with the name of Murili II; see CTH 526530), CTH 514 unassigned (formerly Description of the deity Pirwa; see CTH 526530), CTH 515 unassigned (formerly Description of the goddess Titiwatti/Tittiutti; see CTH 526530), CTH 516 unassigned (formerly Description of Sulinkatte, god of Tamarmara; see CTH 526530), CTH 517 unassigned (formerly Protective deity of Karahna; see CTH 526530), CTH 518 unassigned (formerly Cult of Pirwa: inventory; see CTH 526530), CTH 519 unassigned (formerly Goddess of the Night of Parnaa; see CTH 526530), CTH 520 unassigned (formerly Goddess MUNUS.LUGAL; see CTH 526530), CTH 521 unassigned (formerly Descriptions of images of deities; see CTH 526530), CTH 522 unassigned (formerly Fragments of descriptions of images of deities and various objects; see CTH 526530), CTH 523 Provisions (melqtu) for local festivals, CTH 524 unassigned (formerly Cult of Nerik; see CTH 526530), CTH 525 unassigned (formerly Inventory of sanctuaries by Tudaliya IV; see CTH 526530), CTH 526 Cult inventories with descriptions of festivals and cult images, CTH 527 Cult inventories with descriptions of cult images, CTH 528 Cult inventories with descriptions of festivals, CTH 529 Cult inventories without descriptions of festivals or cult images, CTH 530 Fragments of cult inventories without descriptions of festivals or cult images, CTH 531 Hittite introduction to Enma Anu Enlil, CTH 532 Lunar eclipse (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 534 Solar omens (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 536 Terrestrial omens (series umma lu), CTH 537 Medical omens (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 538 Birth omens (umma izbu) (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 540 Series If a woman gives birth (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 545 Birth omens (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 547 Liver models (.I Akkadian, .II Akkadian and Hittite), CTH 549 Liveromens: position (KI.GUB) (.a Akkadian, b. Akkadian-Hittite, c. Hittite), CTH 551 Entrail omens: coils of the instestines (trnu), CTH 553 Liver omens: well-being (ulmu), CTH 555 Liver omens: palace gate (bb ekalli), CTH 556 Fragments of Akkadian liver omens, CTH 557 Hittite ornithomantic instructions, CTH 560 Fragments of Hittite and Akkadian omens (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 561 Oracles concerning the king's campaigns in the Kaska region, CTH 562 Oracle itineraries in the Kaska region, CTH 563 Oracles concering the overwintering of the king, CTH 564 Oracles concering the festivals of the god of Aleppo, CTH 565 Oracles concering the cult of the deity Pirwa, CTH 566 Oracles concering the cult of the deity of Aruna, CTH 567 Oracles concering the cult of Itar of Nineveh, CTH 568 Oracles concering the celebration of various festivals, CTH 569 Oracles concering Arma-Tarunta und augatti, CTH 571 Liver (SU) oracles with unabbreviated terms, CTH 577 Combined oracles I: SU, KIN and MUEN, CTH 579 Combined oracles III: SU and MUEN, CTH 580 Combined oracles IV: KIN and MUEN, CTH 586 Donation of fields and personnel, CTH 590 Fragments of dream and vow texts, CTH 598 Winter festival for the Sun-goddess of Arinna, CTH 599 Journey of the sacred hunting bag in winter, CTH 610 AN.DA.UMSAR, days 1213: temple of Ziparwa; Sun-goddess of the earth, CTH 612 AN.DA.UMSAR, day 16: temple of Zababa, CTH 613 AN.DA.UMSAR, days 1819: for the Storm-god of lightning, CTH 614 AN.DA.UMSAR, day 21? Notably, Hittite did not have a masculine-feminine gender system. [7], The first substantive claim as to the affiliation of Hittite was made by Jrgen Alexander Knudtzon[8] in 1902, in a book devoted to two letters between the king of Egypt and a Hittite ruler, found at El-Amarna, Egypt. Take a closer look at the great Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. Hittite syntax shows one noteworthy feature that is typical of Anatolian languages: commonly, the beginning of a sentence or clause is composed of either a sentence-connecting particle or otherwise a fronted or topicalized form, and a "chain" of fixed-order clitics is then appended. When the translation part is completed, the cuneatic clay tablets will be put on display for the public in the Hittite Digital Library scheduled to open soon. It inspired the later Semitic Ugaritic alphabet and Old Persian cuneiform. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. P First, a simple Hittites definition is the group of peoples within the Bronze Age civilization that occupied the region of Anatolia in modern-day Turkey from around 1700 BCE until 1190 BCE. G X Hittite is one of the Anatolian languages. N For examples of actual Hittite cuneiform, see The Hittite Grammar Homepage or other similarly reputable sources. The mi-conjugation is similar to the general verbal conjugation paradigm in Sanskrit and can also be compared to the class of mi-verbs in Ancient Greek. L-N - P - . Sacred and magical texts from Hattusa were often written in Hattic, Hurrian and Luwian even after Hittite had become the norm for other writings. It will be amended when new Hittite resources become available. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Although he had no bilingual texts, he was able to provide a partial interpretation of the two letters because of the formulaic nature of the diplomatic correspondence of the period. Both the preservation of the laryngeals and the lack of evidence that Hittite shared certain grammatical features in the other early Indo-European languages have led some philologists to believe that the Anatolian languages split from the rest of Proto-Indo-European much earlier than the other divisions of the proto-language. The contrast of the Assyrian voiced/unvoiced series (k/g, p/b, t/d) is not used to express the voiced/unvoiced contrast in Hittite; they are used somewhat interchangeably in some words, while other words are spelled consistently. In cuneiform, all consonant sounds except for glides could be geminate. It has long been noticed that the geminate series of plosives is the one descending from Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops, and the simple plosives come from both voiced and voiced aspirate stops, which is often referred as Sturtevant's law. Supporters of a length distinction usually point the fact that Akkadian, the language from which the Hittites borrowed the cuneiform script, had voicing, but Hittite scribes used voiced and voiceless signs interchangeably. CTH 834 Offering provisions, pupils tablet? CTH 563 Oracles concering the overwintering of the king . Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. Was later used in today's Iran, Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, for languages like Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian and Urartian. Extinct Bronze Age Indo-European language, "Old Hittite" redirects here. The Chicago Hittite Dictionary Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008). Pukurunuwa, CTH 619 AN.DA.UMSAR, day 38: rain festival, CTH 620 AN.DA.UMSAR in Ankuwa for the goddess Kataa, CTH 625 Fragments of the AN.DA.UMSAR festival, CTH 626 Festival of haste (EZEN nuntarriyaa), CTH 633 Festival of the investiture of royal successor (EZEN auma), CTH 635 Fragments of the festival of Zippalanda and Mt. CTH 802 Ritual against impotence (type .ZI.GA), CTH 803 Akkadian incantation (umma amlu kaip), CTH 804 Akkadian incantation ana pierti kip, CTH 805 Sumerian-Akkadian incantation UDUG.UL.A.ME, CTH 806 Incantations referring to AAR.L.I, CTH 808 Akkadian medical texts with Hittite and Luwian glosses, CTH 809 Akkadian recipes against diseases of the eyes, CTH 810 Akkadian incantation the Moon-god and the cow, CTH 826 Tablet label: invocation in defective Hittite, CTH 831 Fragments in an unknown or unidentifiable language, CTH 832 Hittite fragments with diverse content, CTH 833 Old Assyrian, primarily from krum attu. [9] His argument was not generally accepted, partly because the morphological similarities he observed between Hittite and Indo-European can be found outside of Indo-European and also because the interpretation of the letters was justifiably regarded as uncertain. CTH 796 Akkadian mythological narrative? In Glosbe you will find not only translations from the English-Hittite dictionary, but also audio recordings and high-quality computer readers. This English Index lists, in alphabetical order, seemingly significant words used in the "general meaning" glosses of Base Forms underlying one or more surface (word) forms in lesson texts. 87-93, no. After a brief initial delay because of disruption during the First World War, Hrozn's decipherment, tentative grammatical analysis and demonstration of the Indo-European affiliation of Hittite were rapidly accepted and more broadly substantiated by contemporary scholars such as Edgar H. Sturtevant, who authored the first scientifically acceptable Hittite grammar with a chrestomathy and a glossary. Sumerograms proper on the other hand are ideograms intended to be pronounced in Hittite. Various hypotheses have been formulated to explain these differences.[13]. The two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. 3-82., Language Monograph No. Hittite has many loanwords, particularly religious vocabulary from the non-Indo-European Hurrian and Hattic languages. Akkadograms and Sumerograms are ideograms originally from the earlier Akkadian or Sumerian orthography respectively, but not intended to be pronounced as in the original language; Sumerograms are mostly ideograms and determiners.