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56 Michael McDevitt, The Civic Bonding of School and Family: How Kids Voting Students Enliven the Domestic Sphere, CIRCLE Working Paper 7, July 2003. http://www.civicyouth.org/circle-working-paper-07-the-civic-bonding-of-school-and-family-how-kids-voting-students-enliven-the-domestic-sphere; 57 Charlane Fay Starks, Connecting Civic Education to Civil Right and Responsibility: A Strategy for Reducing Dropout Among African American Students, masters thesis, California State University, Sacramento, 2010. http://csus-dspace.calstate.edu/handle/10211.9/512. In particular, as the Center on Budget Policy and Priorities reports, a majority of U.S. states funded their public elementary and secondary schools at a lower level in 2012 than they had in 2011.94. It fosters friendly competition. 6 Quoted in William Kent Gilbert, History of the College and Academy of Philadelphia, in The History of American Education Through Readings, ed. 8 George Washington, Eighth Annual Message, December 7, 1796. 86 Judith Torney-Purta and Britt S. Wilkenfeld, Executive Summary, in Paths to 21st Century Competencies Through Civic Education Classrooms: An Analysis of Survey Results from Ninth-Graders (Silver Spring, Md. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=64688. On the flipside of that same coin, civic education proponents argue that decreased awareness of and participation in civic activities is a primary causal factor in drastically increased rates of juvenile delinquency and diminished political participation by America's youthful leaders of tomorrow. In a monarchy, both would be expected. IMPORTANCE OR ADVANTAGES OF CIVIC EDUCATION 1. Susan Fuhrman and Marvin Lazerson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 1. Providing welfare services. 45 See also James Gimpel, J. Celeste Lay, and Jason Schuknecht. But, above all, a well-constituted seminary in the center of the nation is recommended by the consideration that the additional instruction emanating from it would contribute not less to strengthen the foundations than to adorn the structure of our free and happy system of government.10. 82 Stephen Macedo et al., Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation and What We Can Do About It (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2005), 33. Political scientist Amy Gutmann provides a fair summary of the key points of disagreement when she writes: The first issue is whether civic education that is publicly mandated must be minimal so that parental choice can be maximal. As the Corporation for National and Community Service notes, [T]he state of youth volunteering is robust with 55% of youth participating in volunteer activities each year and . In early 2010, the CMS coalition and the National Council for the Social Studies agreed to develop common state standards in the social studies designed to prepare students for informed and engaged citizenship, and so they established a task force to pursue that goal. On the other side of the argument, Jeffersonians echoed the sentiments of the author of the Declaration of Independence, who noted that [i]f a nation expects to be ignorant and free in a state of civilization, it expects what never was and never will be.18 Whereas Jefferson envisioned an aristocracy of worth and genius,19 the worriers forecast that the combination of widespread schooling and its corollary, expanded suffrage, would vest elected power in those least rather than bestsuited to govern. Working with the states, the task force is charged with: To date, twenty-one states have joined the effort to develop common state standards. . To introduce the lesson, the teacher revises the previous lesson. Thus, for example, President Ronald Reagan noted, Since the founding of this Nation, education and democracy have gone hand in hand.23 Similarly, President George W. Bush observed, A love of democratic principles must be taught.24 And President Bill Clinton challenged all our schools to teach character education, to teach good values and good citizenship.25. 26 In November 2011, the Annenberg Public Policy Center, which I direct, became both the chief funder and the institutional home of the Civic Mission of Schools project. the pursuit of economic or employment benefits and much more about preparing young adults with generic skills and civic education such as, civic values, ideals, and virtues. 51 Tim Vercellotti and Elizabeth Matto, The Classroom-Kitchen Table Connection: The Effects of Political Discussion on Youth Knowledge and Efficacy, CIRCLE Working Paper 72, August 2010, http://www.civicyouth.org/featured-the-classroom-kitchen-table-connection-the-effects-of-political-discussion-on-youth-knowledge-and-efficacy/. Online learning enables students to communicate in real-time in chat rooms or asynchronously through bulletin boards and similar forums. 95 In November 2011, Representatives Tom Cole (R-Oklahoma) and Mike Honda (D-California) introduced HR 3464, the Sandra Day OConnor Civic Learning Act of 2011, calling on the National Assessment Governing Board to provide disaggregated (or state-level) data from the NAEPs in civics and history. Enhances democratic accountability of elected officials. Increased Participation. 71 Lisa Winstead, The Impact of NCLB and Accountability on Social Studies Teacher Experiences and Perceptions about Teaching Social Studies, The Social Studies 102 (2011): 221. 1 John Dewey, The School and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900). As the Guardian of Democracy report notes, In social studies standards revisions . 32 James S. Leming, Lucien Ellington, and Kathleen Porter, eds., http://www.edexcellence.net/publications/wheredidssgowrong.html. The NAEP in Civics (2010) was based on nationally representative samples of about 7,100 fourth-graders, 9,600 eighth-graders, and 9,900 twelfth-graders. 20 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: George Adlard, 1838), 297. American Academy of Arts & Sciences | Web Policy, Self-Interest Well Understood: The Origins & Lessons of Public Confidence in the Military, 3 Linda Darling-Hammond and Jacqueline Ancess, Democracy and Access to Education, in, 5 Carl H. Gross and Charles C. Chandler, Introduction,, 6 Quoted in William Kent Gilbert, History of the College and Academy of Philadelphia, in. A high-quality online programme is able to maintain the most impactful elements of in-person programmes and offer them in its online instruction. 9 Thomas Jefferson, Sixth Annual Message, December 2, 1806. The representatives are responsible for helping all the people in the country, not just . In a like vein, Thomas Jefferson included public education, along with roads, rivers, and canals, in a list of objects of public improvement as it may be thought proper to add to the constitutional enumeration of Federal powers.9 Drawing a similar connection between education and the productive exercise of citizenship, President James Madison argued in his second annual message: I . (Study conducted by Dr . It's usually a solitary activity and, even if there is socialization, it's reduced to communication about the class subject. The people give power to leaders they elect to represent them and serve their interests. 35 Robert Lerner, Althea K. Nagai, and Stanley Rothman, 36 Mary Frederickson, Surveying Gender: Another Look at the Way We Teach United States History,, 38 Wayne Journell, Standardizing Citizenship: The Potential Influence of State Curriculum Standards on the Civic Development of Adolescents,, 42 Common Core Standards Still Dont Make the Grade but Massachusetts and California Do!, http://www.educationnews.org/ed_reports/thinks_tanks/100142.html. 31 Amy Gutmann, Democratic Education, with a new preface and epilogue (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999), 292. 10 James Madison, Second Annual Message, December 5, 1810. 48 Jennifer Bachner, From Classroom to Voting Booth: The Effect of High School Civic Education on Turnout, working paper, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 23, 2010, http://www.gov.harvard.edu/files/uploads/CivEdTurnout_1.pdf. Since the generation now in power left high school, the number of civics and government courses completed by students has declined. Although balloting among eighteen to twenty-nine year olds increased in 2008, it remained proportionately below that of other age groups. Those who feared an empowered rabble challenged the notion that universal education would benefit both the individual and the country. (New York: Teachers College Press, 2004). As President Obama has noted, The loss of quality civic education from so many of our classrooms has left too many young Americans without the most basic knowledge of who our forefathers are, or the significance of the founding documents. They were unaware of the risks and sacrifices made by previous generations, to ensure that this country survived war and depression; through the great struggles for civil, and social, and workers rights. 1. 75 Talking Points on the Need to Restore the Civic Mission of Schools, Center for Civic Education, 2009, http://www.civiced.org/index.php?page=talking_points. Motivated in part by the Albert Shanker Institutes influential 2003 study Educating Democracy: State Standards to Ensure a Civic Core,44 reformers are now focused on clarifying the standards in social studies. 47 Compare Melissa K. Comber, Civics Curriculum and Civic Skills: Recent Evidence, CIRCLE Fact Sheet, November 2003, http://www.civicyouth.org/fact-sheet-civics-curriculum-and-civic-skills-recent-evidence. 18 Ronald Reagan, Remarks at the Swearing-In Ceremony for James H. Billington as Librarian of Congress, September 14, 1987. As a result of challenges to traditional accounts that excluded the struggles of blacks and women, for example, the content of social studies texts has changed remarkably over the past half-century. There is also a competitive grant program for civic education in the Harkin-Enzi ESEA reauthorization bill, which is currently in play in the Senate. (Cambridge: Sever and Francis, 1863), 6364. . Privatization typically lowers the tax rate for each community. Michelle Obama. 52 Alberto Dvila and Marie Mora, Civic Engagement and High School Academic Progress: An Analysis Using NELS Data, CIRCLE Working Paper 52, January 2007. http://www.civicyouth.org/circle-working-paper-52-civic-engagement-and-high-school-academic-progress-an-analysis-using-nels-data. The Founders read that republican government was one in which: The power of government is held by the people. 21 Speech of Hon. Roger Soder (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 151181. 4 Julie A. Reuben, Patriotic Purposes: Public Schools and the Education of Citizens, in American Institutions of Democracy: The Public Schools, ed. In general, for example, turnout in U.S. elections is lower than in comparable ones in much of Europe and Canada. To understand democratic and civil rights and responsibilities. See Woolley and Peters, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29448. See John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project at UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29438. For example, in the past decade, surveys conducted by the Annenberg Public Policy Center have found that: One can debate the importance of knowing the name of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court or the details of Paul Reveres ride, but there is little doubt that understanding such foundational concepts as checks and balances and the importance of an independent judiciary affects ones other attitudes. Thaddeus Stevens, April 1835, The Pennsylvania School Journal, ed. Due to the co-education system, students may get attracted towards the opposite sex. Conducted a study of schools and school districts around the nation that are meeting their civic mission through employment of the six promising practices of the. 81 Thomas Romer, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, and Bruce Hardy, The Role of Public Education in Educating for Democracy, in The Annenberg Democracy Project, A Republic Divided (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 1213. 78 Levine, Lopez, and Marcelo, Getting Narrower at the Base. : Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), 5766. 27 The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York and CIRCLE: The Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003), http://civicmission.s3.amazonaws.com/118/f7/1/172/2003_Civic_Mission_of_Schools_Report.pdf. http://www.facinghistory.org/system/files/Continuing_a_Tradition_v93010_0.pdf. 52 Alberto Dvila and Marie Mora, Civic Engagement and High School Academic Progress: An Analysis Using NELS Data, CIRCLE Working Paper 52, January 2007, http://www.civicyouth.org/circle-working-paper-52-civic-engagement-and-high-school-academic-progress-an-analysis-using-nels-data. . In the contest over these competing worldviews, Jeffersons prevailed. . 2. In 2007, NCLB added student proficiency in science to its goals. One of the several aspects of online education is the potential for students to interact asynchronously. Participated in efforts to create common standards for social studies education. Based on this, he/she asks the pupils some questions; 2. Civic learning as an essential 21st-century skill. . The Civic Learning On-Line database contains best-practice examples of each of the six promising civic-learning practices of the. 50 Patrick Meirick and Daniel Wackman, Kids Voting and Political Knowledge,. Those bewildered by such basics as the branches of government and the concept of judicial review are less likely to express trust in the courts and, as trust declines, more likely to say that courts are too powerful, that judges should be impeached or court jurisdiction stripped when unpopular rulings are issued, and that under some circumstances, it might simply be best to abolish the Supreme Court. Stephen L. Elkin and Karol E. Soltan (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999). . 1. The heat generated by the controversy over content is evident in the Thomas B. Fordham Institutes 2003 publication Where Did Social Studies Go Wrong?32 In the foreword to that work, Fordham Foundation President Chester E. Finn, Jr., laid the failures of social studies at the feet of the social studies establishment: Evidence also accumulated that, in the field of social studies itself, the lunatics had taken over the asylum. Keep the government in check. 2. 3. CFA increases teacher agency - when students succeed, teachers succeed. 4. 58 Corporation for National and Community Service, http://www.nationalservice.gov/about/role_impact/performance_research.asp (accessed September 12, 2011). In the past decade, a number of major initiatives have concentrated on enhancing educational quality at the elementary and secondary levels. Second, social studies textbooks may not adequately convey the knowledge or facilitate development of the skills required of an informed, engaged citizenry. Chester E. Finn, Jr., and Diane Ravitch (Washington, D.C.: Thomas B. Fordham Institute, 2007), 4561. PRESENTATION To deliver the lesson, the teacher adopts the following steps: 1. The Shanker study found that standards in many states consisted simply of a laundry list of people, events, and dates to be memorized and therefore failed to develop civic competence and critical thinking. 28 Jonathan Gould, ed., Guardian of Democracy: The Civic Mission of Schools (Philadelphia: The Leonore Annenberg Institute for Civics of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania, and the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, 2011), http://civicmission.s3.amazonaws.com/118/f0/5/171/1/Guardian-of-Democracy-report.pdf. : Harvard University Press, 1995); S. Karthick Ramakrishnan and Mark Baldasarre, The Ties that Bind: Changing Demographics and Civic Engagement in California (San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California, 2004). Posted by in michael jackson shirt vintage; hudobna skupina kasubovci . There is a widespread belief among social studies educators that civic knowledge and inquiry are not validated within the accountability system established by NCLB.71 Other evidence underscores the conclusion that neither the federal government nor the states have made high-quality civics education a priority. By international standards, U.S. students hold their own. The 2003 Civic Mission of Schools report argued that schools should not only help young people acquire and learn to use the skills, knowledge, and attitudes that will prepare them to be competent and responsible citizens throughout their lives but also work to ensure that students: Elements of this reform agenda are controversial. 19 Roy J. Honeywell, The Educational Work of Thomas Jefferson (Cambridge, Mass. 49 Reuben Thomas and Daniel McFarland, Joining Young, Voting Young: The Effects of Youth Voluntary Associations on Early Adult Voting, CIRCLE Working Paper 73, August 2010. http://www.civicyouth.org/featured-extracurricular-activities-may-increase-likelihood-of-voting. See also Samuel L. Popkin and Michael A. Dimock, Political Knowledge and Citizen Competence, in Citizen Competence and Democratic Institutions, ed. Carl H. Gross and Charles C. Chandler (Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1964). 7. 56 Michael McDevitt, The Civic Bonding of School and Family: How Kids Voting Students Enliven the Domestic Sphere, CIRCLE Working Paper 7, July 2003, http://www.civicyouth.org/circle-working-paper-07-the-civic-bonding-of-school-and-family-how-kids-voting-students-enliven-the-domestic-sphere; Michael McDevitt and Steven Chaffee, Second Chance Political Socialization: Trickle-up Effects of Children on Parents, in Engaging the Public: How Government and the Media Can Reinvigorate American Democracy, ed. 53 Daniel McFarland and Reuben Thomas, Bowling Young: How Youth Voluntary Associations Influence Adult Political Participation, American Sociological Review 71 (2006). It encourages uniformity in the structure and system of education at all levels. This essay explores the value and state of civics education in the United States and identifies five challenges facing those seeking to improve its quality and accessibility: 1) ensuring that the quality of civics education is high is not a state or federal priority; 2) social studies textbooks do not facilitate the development of needed civic skills; 3) upper-income students are better served . . 34 Frederick M. Hess, Gary J. Schmitt, Cheryl Miller, and Jenna M. Schuette, High Schools, Civics, and Citizenship: What Social Studies Teachers Think and Do (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, September 2010), 1. Here are some of its benefits: Strengthens the basic understanding of our structures of government, along with related processes of legislation and policy making Creates a positive school climate that supports students feeling socially, emotionally and physically safe. The practice of global citizenship is, for many, exercised primarily at home, through engagement in global issues or with different cultures in a local setting. 63 Barack Obamas Speech in Independence, Mo., The New York Times, June 30, 2008. . http://www.cms-ca.org/civic_survey_final.pdf. Contribute to development by assisting government to provide services. 5 Carl H. Gross and Charles C. Chandler, Introduction, The History of American Education Through Readings, ed. the assimilation of the principles, opinions, and manners of our country-men by the common education of a portion of our youth from every quarter well deserves attention. And slightly fewer than seven in ten twelfth graders reported that they had studied the U.S. Constitution in that year.73. This may lead to less concentration in classes or Less focus on Study. 2. Education must be universal, argued Horace Mann. 30 E. Wayne Ross and Perry M. Marker, Social Studies: Wrong, Right, or Left? However, the challenges confronting these reform efforts are substantial ranging from reestablishing the centrality of civics education to attempting to institute changes at a time when school budgets are being cut and our political culture is increasingly polarized. non - privileges members. 25 William J. Clinton, Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union, January 23, 1996. First, neither the federal government nor the states have made high-quality civics education a priority, a conclusion justified by evidence showing that the systematic study of civics in high school is not universal; that fewer high school civics courses are offered now than were offered in the past; that the time devoted to teaching the subject in lower grades has been reduced; and that most states do not require meaningful civics assessment. And [e]ven after the 1840s . In particular, completing a years worth of coursework in civics or American government heightens ones propensity to vote by 3 to 6 percent.48 Involvement in some forms of extracurricular activities and voluntary associations predicts increased balloting as well.49 Programs that engage students in gathering and using information in political contexts both increase basic knowledge about our governmental system and stimulate voting behavior.50 So, too, do course exercises that involve newspaper reading.51 Importantly, evidence drawn from the National Education Longitudinal Study correlates participation in student government with increased civic and political participation.52 These findings are consistent with those drawn from the National Education Longitudinal Study and the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health that revealed that high school students active in youth voluntary associations are more politically engaged in adulthood.53, Specific curricula have also yielded robust effects. . 6. In a national random sample of 866 public high school teachers and an oversample of 245 Catholic and private high school instructors, 83 percent viewed the United States as a unique country that stands for something special in the world; 82 percent thought pupils should be taught to respect and appreciate their country but know its shortcomings; and only 1 percent wanted students to learn that the U.S. is a fundamentally flawed country.34. Motivating George Washingtons argument for a national university, for example, was his belief that. In the presence of controls for other factors that could affect civics knowledge, having taken classes in that subject predicts a command of central concepts,45 an increase reflected in improved performance on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) test.46 Civics education also heightens students confidence in their ability to perform such participatory functions as writing a letter to Congress.47. At each grade, students responded to questions designed to measure the civics knowledge and skills that are critical to the responsibilities of citizenship in Americas constitutional democracy.. Helped the CMS state affiliates pass nearly seventy pieces of supportive state legislation in thirty-five states during the 2004 to 2010 legislative sessions. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=29438. 22 http://nces.ed.gov/fastfacts/ (accessed November 12, 2011). http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/civics_2010/summary.asp. Another advantage is the ease of participation in virtual classrooms. Third, consequential differences in access and outcomes between upper- and lower-class students persist. In contrast to their subpar command of math and science relative to other countries, on civic knowledge and skills U.S. students fair reasonably well. . 61 Michael X. Delli Carpini and Scott Keeter, 63 Barack Obamas Speech in Independence, Mo.,. A 2003 Annenberg Public Policy Center survey of these groups found that more than half agreed that it is absolutely essential or very important that fourth graders are able to: More than six in ten respondents concurred that eighth graders should be able to: The same proportions held that twelfth graders should: Nonetheless, a survey of eighteen U.S. government and civics textbooks concluded in 1987 that their tendency to avoid controversial topics made them lifeless descriptions of the origins, structures, and relationships of government,82 a finding consistent with the one political scientists Richard Niemi and Jane Junn reached a decade later. See Woolley and Peters, The American Presidency Project. When girls are educated, their countries become stronger and more prosperous. Fuhrman and Lazerson, 312. 12 Horace Mann, Lectures and Annual Reports on Education (Boston: Wm. In most societies, males have better opportunities, education, wages, and benefits compared to females. 94 See One Year (FY11FY12) Percent Changes in State K-12 Formula Funding, http://www.cbpp.org/cms/?fa=view&id=3569. 46 Richard G. Niemi and Jane Junn, Civic Education: What Makes Students Learn (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1998), 145. CFA offers civics connections as a tool to increase student interest and success in classes like math and science where students often struggle. . 35 Robert Lerner, Althea K. Nagai, and Stanley Rothman, Molding the Good Citizen: The Politics of High School History Texts (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1995), 71. . What are the advantages of civic education? : Facing History and Ourselves, 2010). The ideological tensions at play here were also on display in the early 1990s, when those attempting to develop national guidelines for the teaching of American history faced off against critics, including National Endowment for the Humanities Chair Lynne Cheney, over the balance between focusing on past injustices and on narratives centered on traditional historical figures. Lesson 1 Advantages Of Constitutional Democracy IT ALLOWS FOR PEACEFUL CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT In a constitutional democracy, elections are conducted within a regular interval as stipulated by the constitution and this makes it easy to change a government. With us, the qualification of voters is as important as the qualification of governors, and even comes first, in the natural order.12 And as the country faced the challenge of absorbing waves of immigrants during the turbulent Gilded Age and Progressive Era, educators came to see public schools as helping different groups assimilate into American culture and society.13 For many generations of immigrants, write historian of education Diane Ravitch and public policy expert Joseph Viteritti, the common school was the primary teacher of patriotism and civic values.14, Unlike its European counterpart, the U.S. educational system reflected the ideal of equality, an aspiration expressed in the notion of educational opportunity for all regardless of wealth and ability.15 Still, the country was more than a halfcentury old before real efforts to achieve universal opportunities for education were undertaken. In a republic, the father of the nation asked, what species of knowledge can be equally important and what duty more pressing on its legislature than to patronize a plan for communicating it to those who are to be the future guardians of the liberties of the country?8. The government of Rome was called a republican government. the level of their volunteer commitment is directly related to the nature of the social institutions with which they interact.58 The Guardian of Democracy report adds, Service learning is far more than community service alone; high-quality service learning experiences incorporate intentional opportunities for students to analyze and solve community problems through the application of knowledge and skills.59 When well executed, service learning can have positive effects on civic knowledge and engagement.60, Despite the fact that civic education produces an array of positive outcomes, the citizenrys current level of civic knowledge is far from ideal, and the role of civic education in schools is far from secure. . 60 Shelley Billig, Sue Root, and Dan Jesse, The Impact of Participation in Service-Learning on High School Students Civic Engagement, CIRCLE Working Paper 33, May 2005, http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/WorkingPapers/WP33Billig.pdf. IMPORTANCE/ADVANTAGES OF PRESSURE GROUPS 1. Developed an online database of more than two hundred civic-learning practice examples. The English laws concerning the transmission of property were abolished in almost all the States at the time of the Revolution, noted Alexis de Tocqueville. AdvantagesBuilds news literacy skills necessary for gathering information to make reasoned decisions on critical issues affecting our country. Given that, in general, non-Anglo students live in economically disadvantaged school districts, they have access to a lower quality education overall.92 And children in higher income families are more likely to live in educationally enriched homes. 72 National Center for Education Statistics, The Nations Report Card: Summary of Major Findings (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, 2010). Reformers have been motivated by concerns that civic education is not as central to public schooling as it once was. Advantages of a capitalist democracy include the following: A capitalist democracy establishes a price system that ensures resources are conserved by producing what is needed in the market and. The CMS Coalition now includes more than sixty participating organizations and individuals representing groups concerned with civic learning, general education, civic engagement, policy-making, civil rights, and business. Providing employment opportunities. 48 Jennifer Bachner, From Classroom to Voting Booth: The Effect of High School Civic Education on Turnout, working paper, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 23, 2010, http://www.gov.harvard.edu/files/uploads/CivEdTurnout_1.pdf. As a result, any discussion of ways to inculcate civic identity will be controversial. See Woolley and Peters, The American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=64688. 76 Martin West, Testing, Learning, and Teaching: The Effects of Test-Based Accountability on Student Achievement and Instructional Time in Core Academic Subjects, in Beyond the Basics: Achieving a Liberal Education for All Children, ed.